为了跟紧已经到来的AI时代，我们需要了解哪些人工智能术语呢？

　　9. Hybridization between humans and machines

　　This process allows a connection between the human body and a technological system. The connection can be physical, like a mind-controlled prosthetic arm, or virtual, like Google glasses, which are voice-controlled and which display information or images in a corner of the lenses that are superimposed on our usual vision.

　　9. 人机混合

　　在这个过程中，人体与技术系统实现连接。这种连接可以是实体的，如由大脑控制的假肢手臂；也可以是虚拟的，如声控谷歌眼镜，这种眼镜可以在镜片的一侧显示信息或图像，与普通视觉形成叠加。

　　10. Immersive virtual reality

　　A virtual, computer-generated universe, into which the user is immersed via various sensors or objects (glasses, sensory feedback suits, etc.). Immersion in virtual reality may involve the player of a video game or an aircraft pilot in training.

　　10. 浸入式虚拟现实

　　由计算机生成的虚拟世界，用户可以借助多种传感器或物体（眼镜、感官反馈装备等）实现身临其境。浸入式虚拟现实可应用于视频游戏或飞机驾驶员培训。

　　11. Internet of Things

　　A computing concept that describes the idea of everyday objects or places in the physical world that are connected to the internet, and are able to identify themselves to other devices. A connected object gathers data (temperature, speed, humidity, etc.) through sensors, and sends it, via the internet, for computer analysis. The object might be a vehicle, a watch, an industrial machine or even a parking space.

　　11. 物联网

　　这是一种计算概念，设想将现实世界中的日常物体或地点接入互联网，并且可以在其他设备上进行识别。联网的物体可以通过传感器收集数据（温度、速度、湿度等），并通过互联网发送给计算机进行分析。这种物体可能是车辆、手表、工业机器，甚至可能是一个停车位。

　　12. Machine learning

　　A machine uses an automatic learning programme to solve problems from examples, enabling it to compare and classify data, and even recognize complex shapes. Before the advent of deep learning in 2010, this type of programme needed to be overseen by humans – each image had to be explicitly designated as containing a human face, a cat’s head, etc., so that the machine could perform the requested recognition operation.

　　12. 机器学习

　　机器利用自动学习程序，通过实例学习解决问题，使其能够对数据进行比较并分类，甚至识别复杂的形状。在2010 年开发出深度学习之前，这类程序需要由人来监控，每个图像都经过精心挑选，必须包含人脸、猫头等内容，以便让机器能够按要求执行识别操作。

　　13. Mind uploading

　　According to transhumanists, our sensations, thoughts and emotions can all be summed up as neural connections. Mind uploading is the transhumanist idea that the “contents” of the human brain can be reduced to a set of information that could be translated into binary computer code, and thus uploaded into a computer.

　　13. 意识上传

　　超人类主义者认为，我们的感觉、思想和情绪都可以归结为某种神经连接。超人类主义者提出了意识上传理念，认为可以将大脑中的“内容”简化，译成二进制计算机代码，并上传到计算机。新联结主义该理论源于认知科学和神经科学领域。

　　14. Neo-connectionism

　　A theory arising from the fields of cognitive science and neuroscience, neo-connectionism proposes to develop computer models that aim to simulate learning by formal neural networks, the organization and functioning of which have been designed by analogy with physiological neural systems.

　　14. 新联结主义

　　提出开发计算机模型，模拟形式神经网络的学习过程。通过模拟生理神经系统，相关组织结构和功能的设计已经完成。

　　15. Semantic knowledge representation

　　Algorithms to formulate a sentence written in any language (for example, “Paul takes the bus to Berlin”) in logical form, so that a computer is able to interpret it. The machine can then make logical inferences (like deductions) that enable it to classify words into different categories and analyse the sentences submitted to it. 

　　15. 语义知识表示

　　以符合逻辑的形式用任何语言编写句子的算法（如“保罗乘公共汽车去柏林”），以便计算机能够读懂其中的含义，而后进行逻辑推理（如推断），继而能够将单词分类并分析语句。

　　16. Transhumanism

　　A movement whose followers want to reach the “post-human” condition by eliminating disabilities, suffering, illness, ageing and death, through the “NBIC convergence” (the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive science). They promote the use of human cloning, virtual reality, hybridization between humans and machines and mind uploading. Their opponents accuse them of excessive speculation, of founding a new mystical order which idolizes technology, and of fantasizing about a “superhuman” with eugenicist overtones.

　　16. 超人类主义

　　这种思潮的拥护者希望通过 NBIC 汇聚技术（融合纳米技术、生物技术、信息技术和认知科学的技术），消除残疾、痛苦、疾病、衰老和死亡，达到“后人类”状态。他们提倡采用人类克隆技术、虚拟现实、 人机混合及意识上传。反对者指责这些人过度投机，妄图建立一种崇尚技术的神秘秩序，幻想暗中借助优生学制造“超人”。

　　17. Weak AI/ Strong AI or Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

　　Weak AI or Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) is the only form of AI that humanity has achieved so far – machines that are capable of performing certain precise tasks autonomously but without consciousness, within a framework defined by humans and following decisions taken by humans alone. Strong AI or AGI would be a machine that has consciousness and feelings, and is capable of providing solutions for any kind of problem – that is pure fiction, for now.

　　17. 弱人工智能、强人工智能或通用人工智能

　　现有的人工智能可以被定义为弱人工智能——在人为规定的框架内，可以按照人类做出的决定，独立执行某些精确任务，但不具备意识。强人工智能或通用人工智能将是具备意识和感觉的机器，并且能够为任何类型的问题提供解决方案，这在目前看来，还纯属设想。